Woodworker's Journal 1985-9-1, страница 16

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The Beginning Woodworker

Truing and Squaring Lumber

by Roger Schroeder

I am a fairly strong advocate of using machines instead of hand tools when possible. 1 have no guilt, then, when I bring a table top of glued-up boards to a local lumberyard or cabinet shop and have the table planed or sanded smooth with the use of big machinery. Also, when I cut wood, I forego the hand saw for a table saw with its super carbide blade that can cut through 3 in. thick stock without leaving a mark on the wood. And I leave the hand plane for a machine called a jointer that can put a square-to-the-surface edge on a board.

Yet, the jointer doesn't always leave a straight-as-an-arrow edge; nor does the table saw. These problems become apparent the more I use my power tools. If a board is crooked, that is, if it wanders off to one side or another, and it is pushed through a table saw to straighten it, the blade will only follow the crook. And the jointer will do the same thing on the edge.

There are operations, then, that will have to be done with hand tools. And they will most likely have to be applied to defects such as crooks that are inherent to lumber. The hand plane is the tool that can solve many of these problems that both the beginning and experienced woodworker run into.

It should be mentioned here that surfacing both sides of warped lumber involves the removal of considerable wood as well as a great expenditure of time and effort. In planing a board flat you may well end up with stock too thin for your purpose, so you will have to make a judgement beforehand as to whether the board can be used.

Severely warped lumber can sometimes be salvaged by ripping the board in half lengthwise, then edge-jointing the halves and gluing them back together so that the warped halves oppose each other. This may enable you to plane the board flat without losing too much thickness, but it's a lot of time and effort to make use of a board that probably should be cut up

atiH -for email nrni^rtc

Cupped Boards

The surfaces or faces of boards can be out of true, that is they may not be truly flat. One of the most common surface problems I have come across is cupping. The edges of a cupped board turn up opposite to the curvature of the growth rings seen on the ends of the board. Even the best thickness planer, which smooths most of the lumber you buy, will not solve this problem. The pressure of the feed rolls flatten out the cup before the planer knives have a chance to cut into the wood. When the board exits the planer, the cup springs back.

A quick test for cupping is holding a framing or try square across the face of the board to find whether it rocks or whether light passes between it and the wood (Fig. 1). If the board proves to be cupped, clamp it so the cupped edges point upward, then plane off the high edges. Use a 14 inch jack plane

and constantly check your progress with a square. Next, turn the board over and plane the center or convex nrvrtinn until that side is also flat.

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FI& 1 Cupped QpakdS